
%load_ext pycodestyle_magic
%pycodestyle_on


a_string = "hello, world"
an_integer = 12
a_float = 3.14
a_boolean = True


type(an_integer)

int


# Convert a string to an integer and vice-versa:
i = 12
s = str(i)
type(s)

str


print("hello, world")
print(12)
print((5+3)/2)

hello, world
12
4.0


# This is a comment.

# To print several items,
# use commas (items will be separated by spaces):
print("abc", 12, a_float)

# multiline is possible, if there are braces
print('multiline is possible,'
      ' if there are braces')

multiline = 'a long statement may be split using backslash',\
    'this is still the same statement',\
    'the end.'
print(multiline)  # Note: multiline is a tuple of strings (see below)

abc 12 3.14
multiline is possible, if there are braces
('a long statement may be split using backslash', 'this is still the same statement', 'the end.')


string_single_quotes = 'abc'
string_double_quotes = "abc"
string_triple_quotes = """this is
    a multiline
    string."""
# Note: a multiline string is a python here-document


# It's useful when we need to include quotes in a string:
string1 = 'hello "world"'
string2 = "don't"

# Otherwise we have to use backslashes:
string2 = 'don\'t'

# Other special characters: http://docs.python.org/ref/strings.html


# Strings are objects which support many operations:

strings = string1 + " : " + string2
print(strings)

# better: use join!
print(" ".join([string1, ':', string2]))

hello "world" : don't
hello "world" : don't


strings_uppercase = strings.upper()
strings_uppercase

'HELLO "WORLD" : DON\'T'


beginning = strings[0:4]
beginning

'hell'


name = "Klaus"
age = 74


# simple concatenate - note the explicit cast of the int
"Hello " + name + ". You are " + str(age) + "."

'Hello Klaus. You are 74.'


# old school %-formating
"Hello, %s. You are %i." % (name, age)

'Hello, Klaus. You are 74.'


# str.format()
"Hello, {}. You are {}.".format(name, age)

'Hello, Klaus. You are 74.'


"Hello, {1}. You are {0}.".format(age, name)

'Hello, Klaus. You are 74.'


# Note the f before the first "
f"Hello, {name}. You are {age}."

'Hello, Klaus. You are 74.'


# you can also use methods inside the f-String
f"{name.lower()} is funny."

'klaus is funny.'


a_string = "  lol abc lol  "
print(a_string)
# Strip spaces at beginning and end of a string:
stripped = a_string.strip()
print(stripped)

  lol abc lol  
lol abc lol


print(a_string)
newstring = a_string.replace('abc', 'def')
print(newstring)

  lol abc lol  
  lol def lol


'τ'.encode('utf-8')

b'\xcf\x84'


#0xF0 0x9D 0x9C 0x8F
b'\xcf\x84'.decode('utf-8')

'τ'


# "latin small letter o" ist 0x6f in UTF-8
# "6" is 0x36
b'\x6f\x36'

b'o6'


print(b'\xcf\x84o\xcf\x81\xce\xbdo\xcf\x82'.decode('utf-16'))
print(b'\xcf\x84o\xcf\x81\xce\xbdo\xcf\x82'.decode('utf-8'))

蓏콯캁澽苏
τoρνoς


# declare a empty lists by
a_list = []  # or by
a_list = list()
type(a_list)

list


a_list.append(3)  # append an element
a_list.append("bla")
a_list

[3, 'bla']


a_list = [1, 2, 3, 'abc', 'def']


# Lists may contain lists:

another_list = [a_list, 'abc', a_list, [1, 2, 3]]
# (in this case, "a_list" is only a pointer)


# Access a specific element by index (index starts at zero):

elem = another_list[1]
print(elem)
elem2 = another_list[3][1]
print(elem2)

abc
2


# It's easy to test if an item is in the list:

if 'abc' in a_list:
    print('bingo!')

bingo!


# Extracting a part of a list is called slicing:

list2 = a_list[2:4]  # Returns a list with items 2 and 3 (not 4)
print(list2)

[3, 'abc']


# Other list operations like appending:

print(a_list)
a_list.append('ghi')
print(a_list)
a_list.remove('abc')
print(a_list)

[1, 2, 3, 'abc', 'def']
[1, 2, 3, 'abc', 'def', 'ghi']
[1, 2, 3, 'def', 'ghi']


vals = [1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10]

double_vals = [2 * v for v in vals]
print(double_vals)

[2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 20]


a_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 'abc', 'def')
a_tuple[3]  # element indexing starts with 0

'abc'


# But parentheses are optional:

another_tuple = 1, 2, 3, 'abc', 'def'
another_tuple

(1, 2, 3, 'abc', 'def')


# Tip: a tuple containing only one item must be declared using a comma,
#      else it is not considered as a tuple:

a_single_item_tuple = 'one value',

type(a_single_item_tuple)

tuple


point = {}  # form an empty dictionary or by:
point = dict()

p = (1.2, -40.0, 29)
point['x'] = p[0]
point['y'] = p[1]
point['z'] = p[2]
point['z']

29


# declare a dict by curly brackets
point = {'x': p[0], 'y': p[1], 'z': p[2]}

point['z'] = 55.


point = {'x': p[0], 'y': p[1], 'z': p[2]}

del point['x']


# print(point['x']) # raises an error
print(point.get('x'))  # returns None

None


if 'x' not in point:
    print('missing x')

for key in point:
    print(key)

missing x
y
z


a = 3
print(a)
if a == 3:
    print('The value of a is:')
    print('a=3')

3
The value of a is:
a=3


if a == 'test':
    print('The value of a is:')
    print('a = "test"')
    test_mode = True
else:
    print('a != "test"')
    test_mode = False
    # do_something_else()

a != "test"


b = 2
if a == 1 or a == 2:
    pass  # do nothing
elif a == 3 and b > 1:
    pass
elif a == 3 and not b > 1:
    pass
else:
    pass


a = 1
while a < 10:
    print(a)
    a += 1


for a in range(4):
    print(a)


my_list = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]
for a in my_list:  # my_list has to be an iterator
    print(a)

2
4
8
16
32


def my_function(arg1, arg2, arg3='default value'):
    print('arg1 =', arg1)
    print('arg2 =', arg2)
    print('arg3 =', arg3)


# Call it (note that arguments are not strongly typed):
my_function(17, 'abc', "def")

arg1 = 17
arg2 = abc
arg3 = def


# type hints
def my_function(arg1: int, arg2: str, arg3: str = 'default value') -> None:
    print('arg1 =', arg1)
    print('arg2 =', arg2)
    print('arg3 =', arg3)


# The 3rd arg may be omitted:
my_function('a string', 12)

arg1 = a string
arg2 = 12
arg3 = default value


# A function may return a value:
def fun2():
    print('fun2')
    return 'any return value'


# call it:
print('fun2() = %s' % fun2())

fun2
fun2() = any return value


def f(x):
    return x ** 2


def operate(h, x):  # higher-order function
    print(h(x))


operate(f, 5)

25


g = lambda x: x**3  # assign to the variable g the unnamed function
g(5)

# Note: this is not pep8 conform.

125

1:1: E731 do not assign a lambda expression, use a def


operate(lambda x: x**3, 5)

125


def make_incrementor(n):
    return lambda x: x + n

f = make_incrementor(n=3)
f(2)

5


g = make_incrementor(7)
g(5)

12


print(make_incrementor(n=7)(x=8))
print(make_incrementor(7)(8))

15
15


foo = [2, 18, 9, 22, 17, 24, 8, 12, 27]

# map and filter return iterators in python3
print(list(filter(lambda x: x % 3 == 0, foo)))

print(list(map(lambda x: x * 2 + 10, foo)))

[18, 9, 24, 12, 27]
[14, 46, 28, 54, 44, 58, 26, 34, 64]


from functools import reduce

print(reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, foo)) 
print(sum(foo))

print(reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, map(lambda x: x * 2 + 10, foo)))

139
139
368


from operator import add

reduce(add, map(lambda x: x * 2 + 10, foo))

368


import operator

expr = "28+32+++32++39"


print(reduce(add, map(int, filter(bool, expr.split("+") ))))

operator.mul(3, 10)
operator.pow(2, 3)
operator.itemgetter(1)([1, 2, 3])

# more see http://ua.pycon.org/static/talks/kachayev

131

2


print("expr is of type: ",type(expr))

# split expr on the separator '+'
print(expr.split("+"))
expr.split("+")
# filter with "bool" as operator
print(list(filter(bool, expr.split("+") )))
print(list(map(bool, expr.split("+") )))
# all empty strings are False, not empty strings are True


# cast the string-list elements to int
# with "int" as operator 
list(map(int, filter(bool, expr.split("+"))))

# add up all elemets with add-operator 
print(reduce(add, map(int, filter(bool, expr.split("+") ))))

expr is of type:  <class 'str'>
['28', '32', '', '', '32', '', '39']
['28', '32', '32', '39']
[True, True, False, False, True, False, True]
131


# open for read 'r'
with open('../bash/work/countries.txt', 'r') as f:
    for line in f:
        print(line, end='') #  there is already a newline at the end

France
Canada
Burkina Faso
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Russia
New Zealand


import os


cwd = os.getcwd()
type(cwd)

str


files = os.listdir("..")
type(files), type(files[0]) # python list of str

(list, str)


os.environ['HOME']

'/home/chris'


os.getuid()

1001


os.uname()

posix.uname_result(sysname='Linux', nodename='platon', release='5.4.0-72-generic', version='#80~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Mon Apr 12 23:26:25 UTC 2021', machine='x86_64')


import subprocess
proc = subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"], 
                      universal_newlines=True,
                      stdout = subprocess.PIPE)


proc_out = proc.stdout.splitlines()
print(proc_out)

['total 184', '-rw-rw-r-- 1 chris chris 69094 Dez 16 16:09 extract_ard_politik_talkshows.ipynb', '-rw-rw-r-- 1 chris chris     0 Mai  6  2021 geckodriver.log', 'drwxr-xr-x 2 chris chris  4096 Mai 24  2020 intro_exercises', '-rw-r--r-- 1 chris chris   116 Mär 10  2021 literatur.txt', '-rwxrw-r-- 1 chris chris  3796 Dez 21 15:12 minesweeper.py', '-rwxrw-r-- 1 chris chris  3882 Dez 16 18:49 minesweeper.py~', '-rw-r--r-- 1 chris chris   659 Mai  7  2021 mymodule.py', 'drwxr-xr-x 3 chris chris  4096 Feb 23  2021 programs', 'drwxr-xr-x 2 chris chris  4096 Mai  7  2021 __pycache__', '-rw-r--r-- 1 chris chris 70790 Jan  4 14:08 Python-Grundlagen.ipynb', '-rw-rw-r-- 1 chris chris  2260 Mai  7  2021 Python-os-Modul.ipynb', '-rw-rw-r-- 1 chris chris  2173 Mai  7  2021 selenium.ipynb', '-rw-rw-r-- 1 chris chris     0 Nov  7 13:42 stderr.txt', '-rw-r--r-- 1 chris chris   201 Jan 31  2021 test.py', '-rw-r--r-- 1 chris chris   200 Jan 31  2021 test.py~']


class Point:
    """
    Simple class for representing a point in a Cartesian coordinate system.
    """

    def __init__(self, x, y):
        """
        Create a new Point at x, y.
        """
        self.x = x  # instance variable self.x
        self.y = y

    def translate(self, dx, dy):
        """
        Translate the point by dx and dy in the x and y direction.
        """
        self.x += dx
        self.y += dy

    def __str__(self):
        return("Point at [%f, %f]" % (self.x, self.y))


# To create a new instance of a class:

p1 = Point(0, 0)  # this will invoke the __init__ method in the Point class

print(p1)  # this will invoke the __str__ method

Point at [0.000000, 0.000000]


# To invoke a class method in the class instance `p`:

p2 = Point(1, 1)

# this modifies the internal store coordinates
p1.translate(0.25, 1.5)

print(p1)
print(p2)

Point at [0.250000, 1.500000]
Point at [1.000000, 1.000000]


def point_add(self, other):
    """
    Defines the +-Operator
    """
    assert isinstance(other, Point)  # check the type
    newPoint = Point(self.x, self.y)
    newPoint.x += other.x
    newPoint.y += other.y
    return newPoint


# __add__ is the special methods for implementing the +-Operator
# we can dynamically extend the class Point by this method
Point.__add__ = point_add


print(p1 + p2)

Point at [1.250000, 2.500000]


raise Exception("description of the error")

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exception                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-74-c32f93e4dfa0> in <module>
----> 1 raise Exception("description of the error")

Exception: description of the error


# A typical use of exceptions is to abort functions
# when some error condition occurs, for example:
def point_add2(self, other):
    """
    Defines the +-Operator
    """
    if not isinstance(other, Point):  # check the type
        raise TypeError("Second argument of +-Operator is not a Point!")
    newPoint = Point(self.x, self.y)
    newPoint.x += other.x
    newPoint.y += other.y
    return newPoint


Point.__add__ = point_add2


p3 = Point(2., 3.)
print(p3 + 4.) # this causes an exception

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-78-658d1a1e3e7b> in <module>
      1 p3 = Point(2., 3.)
----> 2 print(p3 + 4.)

<ipython-input-77-da6623114068> in point_add2(self, other)
      6     """
      7     if not isinstance(other, Point):  # check the type
----> 8         raise TypeError("Second argument of +-Operator is not a Point!")
      9     newPoint = Point(self.x, self.y)
     10     newPoint.x += other.x

TypeError: Second argument of +-Operator is not a Point!


import sys
try:
    print("test if we can add an int:")
    p4 = p3 + 4
except Exception as e:
    print("Caught an exception: ", str(e),  file=sys.stderr)  # print to stderr
#

test if we can add an int:

Caught an exception:  Second argument of +-Operator is not a Point!


%%file mymodule.py
# ipython magic function writes the content of the cell to a text file "mymodule.py"

"""
Example of a python module. Contains a variable called my_variable,
a function called my_function, and a class called MyClass.
"""

my_variable = "Hello World"

def my_function():
    """
    Example function
    """
    return my_variable
    
class MyClass:
    """
    Example class.
    """

    def __init__(self):
        self.variable = my_variable
        
    def set_variable(self, new_value):
        """
        Set self.variable to a new value
        """
        self.variable = new_value
        
    def get_variable(self):
        return self.variable

Overwriting mymodule.py


# We can import the module `mymodule` into our Python program using `import`:
import mymodule


# Use `help(module)` to get a summary of what the module provides:
help(mymodule)


mymodule.my_variable

'Hello World'


mymodule.my_function()

'Hello World'


my_class = mymodule.MyClass()
my_class.set_variable(10)
my_class.get_variable()

10

Python Grundlagen - Ein kurzes Tutorial¶

Allgemeine Charakteristik / Ziele¶

Weitere (technische) Details¶

Python Style Guide¶

Variablen¶

Typumwandlungen (cast)¶

Print¶

Zeichenketten (Strings)¶

Slicing¶

String Formating Syntax¶

Stripping¶

Ersetzungen¶

Strings sind immutable¶

Strings vs. Bytestrings¶

Listen (lists)¶

List Comprehension¶

Tuples¶

Dictionaries¶

Blocks und Einrückungen (Kontrollfluss - control flow)¶

if / elif / else - Abzweigungen¶

while Loops¶

for Loops¶

Funktionen¶

Funktionale Aspekte von Python¶

Anonyme Funktionen (lambda functions)¶

Skripts¶

Kommandozeilen-Argumente¶

Dateiverarbeitung¶

OS Modul¶

Laufendes Arbeitsverzeichnis¶

Wechseln des Arbeitsverzeichnis¶

Verzeichnisinhalt auflisten¶

Erzeugen eines Verzeichnisses¶

Umgebungsvariablen¶

Unix/Linux User/Group Funktionalitäten¶

Information zum Betriebssystem¶

Ausführen eines Programms in einer Subshell¶

Module subprocess¶

Klassen¶

Exceptions¶

Fangen von Exceptions¶

Module¶

Modules¶

Übung Recherche¶

Futher readings¶

`while` Loops¶

`for` Loops¶